Induced field determination using diffuse field reciprocity

ABSTRACT

Methods and systems are provided for determining the surface electromagnetic impedance of a conductive element and applying the diffuse field reciprocity principle using that surface electromagnetic impedance to determine electric fields induced in the conductive element. An exemplary method involves determining a surface electromagnetic impedance matrix for the conductive element based on its physical dimensions and an excitation frequency for an incident electromagnetic wavefield, applying diffuse field reciprocity to determine a metric indicative of an induced field based on the surface electromagnetic impedance matrix and an energy metric for the incident electromagnetic wavefield, and displaying a graphical representation of the metric on a display device.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S)

This application claims the benefit of U.S. provisional patentapplication Ser. No. 61/474,367, filed Apr. 12, 2011, the entire contentof which is incorporated by reference herein.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The subject matter described herein relates generally to determininginduced electromagnetic fields, and more particularly, embodiments ofthe subject matter relate to calculating induced electromagnetic fieldsusing diffuse field reciprocity principles.

BACKGROUND

Electromagnetic interference is a common problem that designers ofelectrical circuits, devices, and systems are concerned with due to thepotential of electromagnetic interference disrupting normal operation ofsuch electrical circuits, devices, and systems. In practice, there arenumerous potential sources of electromagnetic interference. For example,a designer of an electrical system for an automotive vehicle must beconcerned with various potential sources of electromagnetic interference(e.g., cellular base stations, wireless networks, cellular devices,wireless devices, Bluetooth devices, other vehicle electrical systems,and the like) that may be encountered during operation of the vehicle.Thus, there are many situations in which potentially harmful currentscould be induced in vehicle wiring systems by electromagnetic fields.Accordingly, it is desirable to calculate or otherwise estimate theresponse of the vehicle wiring system to electromagnetic interference(e.g., the induced currents, voltages, and the like within the wires)and analyze the potential effects at the design stage to help ensure theintegrity of the system.

In many cases the frequency of the electromagnetic interference isrelatively high, in the sense that the electromagnetic wavelength isshort in comparison to the dimensions of the vehicle interior. Forexample, a typical mobile phone transmitter may produce excitation ataround 2 GHz, leading to a wavelength of 15 cm, meaning that theelectromagnetic field will have a spatially complex distribution withina typical automotive vehicle interior. Traditionally, to estimate theresponse of the vehicle wiring systems and/or electronics, the detailedspatial distribution of the electromagnetic field is determinednumerically by solving Maxwell's equations within the vehicle, althoughvery many grid points will be required by either the finite elementmethod or the finite difference method. Additionally, the computation ofthe response of the vehicle wiring systems and/or electronics to theelectromagnetic field requires a model of the vehicle wiring systemsand/or electronics to be coupled to the model of the electromagneticfield. While there are numerous existing modeling methods, calculatingthe response to the electromagnetic interference using these approachesrequires a significant amount of computation time and resources.

BRIEF SUMMARY

As described in greater detail below, the relationship between anelectromagnetic impedance at a surface of a conductive element and theexcitation arising from an electromagnetic field incident on thatsurface, alternatively referred to herein as the diffuse fieldreciprocity principle (or diffuse field reciprocity relation), isutilized to determine one or more metrics (e.g., current, voltage, orthe like) that are indicative of the electric and/or magnetic fieldsinduced in the conductive element by the incident electromagnetic field.In an exemplary embodiment, the surface electromagnetic impedance of theconductive element is determined in wavenumber space and transformed tothe physical domain using the physical dimensions of the conductiveelement and the excitation frequency of the incident electromagneticfield, which are provided by a user. Additionally, in one or moreembodiments, the surface electromagnetic impedance is modified to imposeboundary conditions at the termination points (or end points) of theconductive element. After the surface electromagnetic impedance isobtained, the diffuse field reciprocity principle is applied bymultiplying the surface electromagnetic impedance by the energy densityof the incident electromagnetic field to obtain a metric indicative ofthe induced magnetic field at the surface of the conductive element,which corresponds to the induced current in the conductive element.Additionally, in exemplary embodiments, a voltage recovery matrix forthe conductive element is determined that allows the induced voltageswithin the conductive element to be calculated using the metricindicative of the induced magnetic field that was obtained by applyingthe diffuse field reciprocity principle. The various outputs indicativeof the induced electromagnetic field in the conductive element may thenbe provided to the user, for example, by displaying graphicalrepresentations of the induced current and induced voltage on a displaydevice.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

A more complete understanding of the subject matter may be derived byreferring to the detailed description and claims when considered inconjunction with the following figures, wherein like reference numbersrefer to similar elements throughout the figures.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an exemplary operative environment forillustrating the application of the subject matter described herein;

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an exemplary computing system;

FIG. 3 is a flow diagram that illustrates an exemplary induced fielddetermination process suitable for use with the computing system of FIG.2;

FIG. 4 is a flow diagram that illustrates an exemplary surface impedancematrix determination process suitable for use with the computing systemof FIG. 2 in conjunction with the induced field determination process ofFIG. 3;

FIG. 5 is a flow diagram that illustrates an exemplary voltage recoverymatrix determination process suitable for use with the computing systemof FIG. 2 in conjunction with the induced field determination process ofFIG. 3;

FIG. 6 is a perspective view of an exemplary conductive element forpurposes of illustrating the diffuse field reciprocity principledescribed in the context of the induced field determination process ofFIG. 3 applied to a single wire transmission line system;

FIG. 7 is a schematic view of an exemplary arrangement of a pair ofconductive elements for purposes of illustrating the diffuse fieldreciprocity principle described in the context of the induced fielddetermination process of FIG. 3 applied to a two wire transmission linesystem;

FIG. 8 is a graph of induced current with respect to distance along aconductive element suitable for presentation on the display device inthe computing system of FIG. 2;

FIG. 9 is a graph depicting convergence results for a single wiretransmission line corresponding to the excitation described in thecontext of FIG. 8;

FIG. 10 is a graph of induced current with respect to distance along aconductive element in response to diffuse field excitation that issuitable for presentation on the display device in the computing systemof FIG. 2 in conjunction with the induced field determination process ofFIG. 3;

FIG. 11 is a graph of induced current as a function of frequencycorresponding to the excitation described in the context of FIG. 10;

FIG. 12 is a graph of induced current with respect to distance along aconductive element illustrating the effect of varying the boundaryconditions at one or more ends of the conductive element;

FIG. 13 is a graph of the phase of the induced currents depicted in FIG.12 with respect to distance along the conductive element illustratingthe effect of varying the boundary conditions at one or more ends of theconductive element;

FIG. 14 is a graph of induced voltage with respect to distance along theconductive element illustrating the effect of varying the boundaryconditions at one or more ends of the conductive element;

FIG. 15 is a graph of induced current with respect to distance along aconductive element in response to a diffuse field excitation that issuitable for presentation on the display device in the computing systemof FIG. 2 in conjunction with the induced field determination process ofFIG. 3;

FIG. 16 is a graph of induced current with respect to a terminationresistance in response to the diffuse field excitation described in thecontext of FIG. 15; and

FIG. 17 is a graph of induced current with respect to distance along aconductive element in response to a diffuse field excitation for a twowire transmission line with a short circuit at each end.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following detailed description is merely illustrative in nature andis not intended to limit the embodiments of the subject matter or theapplication and uses of such embodiments. As used herein, the word“exemplary” means “serving as an example, instance, or illustration,”and any implementation described herein as exemplary is not necessarilyto be construed as preferred or advantageous over other implementations.Furthermore, there is no intention to be bound by any expressed orimplied theory presented in the preceding technical field, background,or the following detailed description.

FIG. 1 depicts a simplified representation of an exemplary operativeenvironment having an electromagnetic radiation source 100 capable ofinducing electromagnetic fields in a conductive element 102 within anenclosing body 104. In practice, the electromagnetic radiation source100 may be any source of electromagnetic radiation, such as for example,cellular base stations, wireless networks, cellular devices, wirelessdevices, Bluetooth devices, or other radio frequency (RF) transmittingdevices. Accordingly, the subject matter described herein is notintended to be limited to any particular type of electromagneticradiation source or any particular excitation frequency for the emittedelectromagnetic waves. Furthermore, although FIG. 1 depicts theelectromagnetic radiation source 100 as being located outside theenclosing body 104, in practice, the electromagnetic radiation source100 may be located within the enclosing body 104 (e.g., a cellular phoneor Bluetooth device inside the passenger cabin of an automotivevehicle).

In the illustrated embodiment, the conductive element 102 represents anyconductive element that is capable of having electromagnetic fieldsinduced therein in response to electromagnetic radiation emitted by theelectromagnetic radiation source 100. Depending on the embodiment, theconductive element 102 may be realized as one or more wires, cables,transmission lines, conductive traces, electrical components, electroniccircuits, or any suitable combination thereof. Accordingly, the subjectmatter described herein is not intended to be limited to any particulartype or number of conductive elements. However, for purposes ofexplanation, the conductive element 102 may be described herein as beingcomprised of one or more wires (alternatively referred to astransmission lines) in a vehicle wiring system in an automotive vehicleapplication. The enclosing body 104 generally represents any enclosureor housing capable of containing or otherwise substantially enclosingthe conductive element 102 to provide a substantially finite dielectricmedium 110 surrounding the conductive element 102. It should beunderstood that the subject matter described herein is not intended tobe limited to any particular type of enclosing body and the conductiveelement 102 and/or dielectric medium 110 need not be perfectly enclosed(e.g., the enclosing body 104 need not be airtight or otherwise providea continuous enclosure). For purposes of explanation, the enclosing body104 may be described herein as an automotive vehicle.

As illustrated in FIG. 1, the electromagnetic wavefield (or waves) 106emitted by the electromagnetic radiation source 100 induces or otherwiseproduces a corresponding electromagnetic wavefield 108 within thedielectric medium 110 confined by the vehicle body 104. As described ingreater detail below, the electromagnetic wavefield 108 inside thevehicle body 104 can be approximated as an ideal diffuse wavefield,where there is an equal probability of electromagnetic waves propagatingin all possible directions within the enclosing body 104, which can beexploited to provide a computationally efficient technique forpredicting the response of the conductive element 102 (e.g., the inducedcurrents and/or voltages) to the reverberating electromagnetic wavefield108 within the vehicle body 104 using the diffuse field reciprocityprinciple. As described in greater detail below with reference toequations (1)-(18) and FIG. 6, the diffuse field reciprocity principleprovides that the loading applied (e.g., the induced electric fields) bya random component (e.g., the electromagnetic wavefield 108 within thevehicle body 104) on a deterministic component (e.g., the conductiveelement 102) can be expressed in terms of the energy in the randomcomponent and the radiation properties of the deterministic component(i.e., the way in which the deterministic component would radiate intothe random component, were the random component infinitely extended).

FIG. 2 depicts an exemplary embodiment of a computing system 200 capableof executing the processes, tasks, and functions described in greaterdetail below in the context of FIGS. 3-5. The illustrated computingsystem 200 includes, without limitation, a user input device 202, aprocessing system 204, an output device 206, and a computer-readablemedium 208. It should be understood that FIG. 2 is a simplifiedrepresentation of a computing system for purposes of explanation and isnot intended to limit the scope of the subject matter in any way.

The user input device 202 generally represents the hardware and/or othercomponents configured to provide a user interface with the computingsystem 200. Depending on the embodiment, the user input device 202 maybe realize as a key pad, a keyboard, one or more button(s), a touchpanel, a touchscreen, an audio input device (e.g., a microphone), or thelike. The output device 206 generally represents the hardware and/orother components configured to provide output to the user from thecomputing system 200, as described in greater detail below. In anexemplary embodiment, the output device 206 is realized as an electronicdisplay device configured to graphically display information and/orcontent under control of the processing system 204, as described ingreater detail below.

Still referring to FIG. 2, the processing system 204 generallyrepresents the hardware, software, firmware, processing logic, and/orother components of the computing system 200 coupled to the user inputdevice 202 and the display device 206 to receive input from the user,utilize the input provided by the user to execute various functionsand/or processing tasks, and provide an output to the user, as describedin greater detail below. Depending on the embodiment, the processingsystem 204 may be implemented or realized with a computer, a generalpurpose processor, a microprocessor, a controller, a microcontroller, astate machine, a content addressable memory, an application specificintegrated circuit, a field programmable gate array, any suitableprogrammable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discretehardware components, or any combination thereof, designed to perform thefunctions described herein. Furthermore, the steps of a method oralgorithm described in connection with the embodiments disclosed hereinmay be embodied directly in hardware, in firmware, in a software moduleexecuted by processing system 204, or in any practical combinationthereof. The computer-readable medium 208 may be realized as anynon-transitory short or long term storage media capable of storingprogramming instructions or other data for execution by the processingsystem 204, including any sort of random access memory (RAM), read onlymemory (ROM), flash memory, registers, hard disks, removable disks,magnetic or optical mass storage, and/or the like. Thecomputer-executable programming instructions, when read and executed bythe processing system 204, cause the processing system 204 to executeone or more processes and perform the tasks, operations, and/orfunctions described in greater detail below in the context of FIGS. 3-5.

Referring now to FIGS. 1-2, in an exemplary embodiment, the processingsystem 204 executes the programming instructions stored or otherwiseencoded on the computer-readable medium 208, which causes the processingsystem 204 to display one or more graphical user interface elements(e.g., text boxes or the like) on the display device 206 that areadapted to receive user inputs indicative of the physical dimensionsand/or physical layout of the conductive element 102 and the energydensity and excitation frequency of the electromagnetic wavefieldincident on the conductive element 102 (i.e., electromagnetic wavefield108). The processing system 204 may also display graphical userinterface elements on the display device 206 that are adapted to receiveuser inputs indicative of the physical properties of the conductiveelement 102 and/or the dielectric medium 110, such as, for example, thepermeability of the conductive element 102, the permittivity of theconductive element 102, the conductance of the conductive element 102,the permeability of the dielectric medium 110, the volume of thedielectric medium 110, and the like. Additionally, the processing system204 may display graphical user interface elements on the display device206 that are adapted to receive user inputs indicative of any boundaryconditions (e.g., termination voltages and/or termination currents) tobe applied to the conductive element 102. Subsequently, the user of thecomputing system 200 manipulates the user input device 202 to providethe physical dimensions and/or physical layout of the conductive element102 and the energy density and excitation frequency of the incidentelectromagnetic wavefield 108, along with any other desired inputs, tothe processing system 204.

After providing the desired input information, the user may manipulatethe user input device 202 to select a graphical user interface element(e.g., a button or the like) that causes the processing system 204 tocontinue executing the programming instructions using the inputsreceived from the user. As described in greater detail below, theprocessing system 204 receives or otherwise obtains user inputs providedby the user and determines a surface electromagnetic impedance matrixfor the conductive element 102 that corresponds to radiation from thesurface of the conductive element 102 into an infinite dielectric mediumand represents the relationship between the electric field and themagnetic field at the surface of the conductive element 102, while atthe same time imposing any boundary conditions provided by the user.Additionally, in accordance with one or more embodiments, the processingsystem 204 utilized the boundary conditions provided by the user todetermine a voltage recovery matrix for the conductive element 102.After determining the surface electromagnetic impedance matrix andvoltage recovery matrix for the conductive element 102, the processingsystem 204 applies the diffuse field reciprocity principle bymultiplying the surface electromagnetic impedance matrix for theconductive element 102 by the energy density for the incidentelectromagnetic wavefield 108 to obtain a metric indicative of the meansquare of the induced magnetic field at the surface of the conductiveelement 102, which corresponds to the mean square induced current in theconductive element 102, as described in greater detail below. The term“mean square” as used herein should be understood as encompassing theensemble average of a time averaged second order product, where theensemble corresponds to different realizations of the random incidentelectromagnetic field, as well as the “cross-spectrum” when the variableof interest is a vector rather than a scalar. As described in greaterdetail below, the processing system 204 utilizes the mean square inducedmagnetic field and the voltage recovery matrix to determine the inducedvoltage in the conductive element 102. The processing system 204 thendisplays, on the display device, one or more graphical representationsof the metrics indicative of the induced electric fields in theconductive element. For example, the processing system 204 may display aplot or graph of the mean square induced current (or a variant thereof)with respect to a position or distance along the conductive element 102,or a plot or graph of the induced voltage (or a variant thereof) withrespect to a position or distance along the conductive element 102, asdescribed in greater detail below in the context of FIGS. 8, 10, 12-15and 17.

FIG. 3 is a flow chart that illustrates an exemplary embodiment of aninduced field determination process 300 suitable for calculating,determining, or otherwise estimating the induced electromagnetic fields,currents, and/or voltages induced by a diffuse electromagnetic wavefield(e.g., electromagnetic wavefield 108) in a conductive element (e.g.,conductive element 102). The various tasks performed in connection withthe illustrated process 300 may be performed by software, hardware,firmware, or any combination thereof. For illustrative purposes, thefollowing description of illustrated processes may refer to elementsmentioned above in connection with FIG. 1 and FIG. 2. It should beappreciated that the process 300 may include any number of additional oralternative tasks, the tasks need not be performed in the illustratedorder and/or the tasks may be performed concurrently, and/or the process300 may be incorporated into a more comprehensive procedure or processhaving additional functionality not described in detail herein.Moreover, one or more of the tasks shown and described in the context ofFIG. 3 could be omitted from an embodiment of the respective process aslong as the intended overall functionality remains intact.

In an exemplary embodiment, the process 300 begins by obtainingparameters for the electromagnetic wavefield incident to the conductiveelement(s) being analyzed (task 302). For example, as described above, auser provides (e.g., to processing system 204 via user input device 202)the electromagnetic energy density for the electromagnetic wavefieldthat is induced in the dielectric medium (e.g., electromagneticwavefield 108) and incident on the conductive element(s) being analyzed(e.g., conductive element 102). As described in greater detail below, inaccordance with one or more embodiments, the user provides the timeaveraged energy density (U) of the incident wavefield along with theexcitation frequency (ω) of the wavefield, which is utilized inconjunction with the permeability and volume of the dielectric medium(which may also be provided by the user, as described above) todetermine the modal density (v) of electromagnetic modes in thedielectric medium surrounding the conductive element(s). The process 300continues by obtaining the physical dimensions and/or layout of theconductive element(s) being analyzed (task 304). As described above, theprocess 300 receives of otherwise obtains from the user (e.g., via userinput device 202) information that defines the physical dimensions(e.g., length, width, radius, and the like), shape, and/or structure ofthe conductive element(s) being analyzed. For multiple conductiveelements, the user may also provide the distance (or spacing) betweenconductive elements. In this manner, the user defines the physical modelof the conductive element(s) being analyzed.

Still referring to FIG. 3, after obtaining the physical dimensions ofthe conductive element(s), the process 300 continues by determining thesurface electromagnetic impedance of the conductive element(s) based onthe physical dimensions of the conductive element(s) and the excitationfrequency for the incident wavefield (task 306). As described above andin greater detail below in the context of FIG. 4, the process 300determines an impedance matrix that is associated with electromagneticradiation from the surface of the conductive element(s) into an infinitedielectric medium free of signal reflections. In this regard, thesurface electromagnetic impedance matrix is representative of therelationship between the electric field and the magnetic field at thesurface of the conductive element(s). In an exemplary embodiment, theelectromagnetic impedance matrix for the conductive element(s) aredetermined in wavenumber space (or frequency domain) based on exactsolutions to Maxwell's equations in cylindrical coordinates, as provideby equations (34)-(35) and (53)-(55) described below, using the inputexcitation frequency obtained from the user, as described in greaterdetail below with reference to with reference to equations (24)-(40).The electromagnetic impedance matrix is then transformed into thephysical domain from wavenumber space based on the informationpertaining to the physical dimensions of the conductive element(s), asdescribed in greater detail below with reference to equations (73)-(78).In one or more embodiments, the transformation from wavenumber space isaccomplished using basis functions that are based on the sinc function.Additionally, in exemplary embodiments, boundary conditions (which maybe specified by the user) are imposed when determining theelectromagnetic impedance matrix for conductive element(s) of finitelength, as described in greater detail below with reference to equation(86).

After determining the surface electromagnetic impedance matrix for theconductive element(s), the process 300 continues by applying the diffusefield reciprocity principle using the surface electromagnetic impedancematrix and the excitation parameters to obtain a metric indicative ofthe magnetic field induced in the conductive element(s) by the incidentelectromagnetic wavefield (task 308). After applying diffuse fieldreciprocity to obtain a metric indicative of the induced magnetic field,the process 300 determines one or more metrics indicative of the inducedelectric field(s) (e.g., an induced current metric, an induced voltagemetric, or the like) in the conductive element (s) by the incidentelectromagnetic wavefield based on the induced magnetic field andprovides an output indicative of the electric field(s) induced in theconductive element(s) by the incident electromagnetic wavefield (task310). As described in greater detail below, in an exemplary embodiment,an incident wavefield energy metric is multiplied by the surfaceelectromagnetic impedance to obtain a value indicative of the inducedcurrent(s) in the conductive element(s). For example, in accordance withone embodiment, the resistive part of the electromagnetic impedancematrix is multiplied by the time averaged energy density (U) of theincident wavefield and divided by the modal density (v) ofelectromagnetic modes in the dielectric medium surrounding theconductive element(s) to obtain a mean squared current induced in theconductive element(s) based on the mean (or ensemble average) of thesquare of the induced magnetic field on the surface of the conductiveelement(s), as described in greater detail below with reference toequations (1)-(18) and (92)-(93). In an exemplary embodiment, inaddition to determining a metric indicative of the induced current inthe conductive element(s) using the diffuse field reciprocity principle,the process 300 also determines a voltage recovery matrix for theconductive element(s) as described in greater detail below in thecontext of FIG. 5 and determines a metric indicative of the inducedvoltage in the conductive element(s) using the voltage recovery matrixand the induced magnetic field. As described above in the context ofFIG. 2 and in greater detail below in the context of FIGS. 8, 10, 12-15and 17, the processing system 204 may display, present or otherwiseprovide one or more graphical representations of the current and/orvoltage induced in the conductive element(s) on the display device 206for review and analysis by the user.

FIG. 4 is a flow chart that depicts an exemplary embodiment of a surfaceimpedance matrix determination process 400 that may be performed (e.g.,by processing system 204 as part of process 300) to determine animpedance matrix that is associated with electromagnetic radiation fromthe surface of a conductive element into an infinite dielectric medium.The various tasks performed in connection with the illustrated process400 may be performed by software, hardware, firmware, or any combinationthereof. For illustrative purposes, the following description ofillustrated processes may refer to elements mentioned above inconnection with FIG. 1 and FIG. 2. It should be appreciated that theprocess 400 may include any number of additional or alternative tasks,the tasks need not be performed in the illustrated order and/or thetasks may be performed concurrently, and/or the process 400 may beincorporated into a more comprehensive procedure or process havingadditional functionality not described in detail herein. Moreover, oneor more of the tasks shown and described in the context of FIG. 4 couldbe omitted from an embodiment of the respective process as long as theintended overall functionality remains intact.

In an exemplary embodiment, the process 400 begins by obtaining theexcitation frequency for the incident electromagnetic wavefield and thephysical dimensions of the conductive element (tasks 402, 404). Asdescribed above in the context of FIG. 3, in an exemplary embodiment,the excitation frequency for the incident electromagnetic wavefield andthe physical dimensions of the conductive element are obtained from auser (e.g., via user input device 202). Using the excitation frequencyand the physical dimensions of the conductive element, the process 400continues by determining the surface electromagnetic impedance matrixfor the conductive element in wavenumber space (or alternatively, thefrequency domain) (task 406), as described in greater detail below withreference to equations (24)-(40). The process 400 continues by meshingthe conductive element using the excitation frequency to determine anumber of evenly spaced reference points along the longitudinal axis ofthe conductive element (task 408), as described in greater detail belowwith reference to equations (73)-(74), and then transforming the surfaceelectromagnetic impedance matrix from wavenumber space to the physicaldomain (task 410) by performing a Fourier transform using the referencepoints, as described in greater detail below with reference to equations(75)-(78). In an exemplary embodiment, the process 400 continues byapplying boundary conditions to the transformed surface electromagneticimpedance matrix to obtain a modified surface electromagnetic impedancematrix in the physical domain (task 412), as described in greater detailbelow with reference to equation (86). In an exemplary embodiment, themodified surface electromagnetic impedance matrix is utilized in theprocess 300 of FIG. 3 by applying the diffuse field reciprocityprinciple to the modified surface electromagnetic impedance matrix todetermine metrics indicative of current induced in the conductiveelement, as described above and in greater detail below with referenceto equations (92)-(93).

FIG. 5 is a flow chart that depicts an exemplary embodiment of a voltagerecovery matrix determination process 500 that may be performed (e.g.,by processing system 204 as part of process 300) to determine a voltagerecovery matrix for determining the induced voltage in a conductiveelement. The various tasks performed in connection with the illustratedprocess 500 may be performed by software, hardware, firmware, or anycombination thereof. For illustrative purposes, the followingdescription of illustrated processes may refer to elements mentionedabove in connection with FIG. 1 and FIG. 2. It should be appreciatedthat the process 500 may include any number of additional or alternativetasks, the tasks need not be performed in the illustrated order and/orthe tasks may be performed concurrently, and/or the process 500 may beincorporated into a more comprehensive procedure or process havingadditional functionality not described in detail herein. Moreover, oneor more of the tasks shown and described in the context of FIG. 5 couldbe omitted from an embodiment of the respective process as long as theintended overall functionality remains intact.

In an exemplary embodiment, the process 500 begins by obtaining theexcitation frequency for the incident electromagnetic wavefield and thephysical dimensions of the conductive element (tasks 502, 504). Asdescribed above in the context of FIG. 3, in an exemplary embodiment,the excitation frequency for the incident electromagnetic wavefield andthe physical dimensions of the conductive element are obtained from auser (e.g., via user input device 202). Using the excitation frequencyand the physical dimensions of the conductive element, the process 500continues by determining the voltage recovery matrix for the conductiveelement in wavenumber space (or alternatively, the frequency domain)(task 506), as described in greater detail below with reference toequations (79)-(82). The process 500 continues by meshing the conductiveelement using the excitation frequency to determine a number of evenlyspaced reference points along the longitudinal axis of the conductiveelement (task 508) in a similar manner as described herein in thecontext of the surface impedance matrix, and then transforms the voltagerecovery matrix from wavenumber space to the physical domain (task 510),as described in greater detail below with reference to equations(83)-(85). In an exemplary embodiment, the process 500 continues byapplying boundary conditions to the transformed voltage recovery matrixto obtain a modified voltage recovery matrix in the physical domain(task 512), as described in greater detail below with reference toequation (87). In an exemplary embodiment, the modified voltage recoverymatrix is utilized in the process 300 of FIG. 3 to determine metricsindicative of voltage induced in the conductive element based on theinduced magnetic field obtained by applying the diffuse fieldreciprocity principle, as described above and in greater detail below.

Having thus generally described the exemplary systems and processes forapplying diffuse field reciprocity to determine the magnitude ofcurrents and/or voltages induced in a conductive element by an incidentelectromagnetic wavefield, the diffuse field reciprocity principle andexemplary applications thereof will now be described in greater detailwith reference to FIGS. 6-17.

Diffuse Field Reciprocity Principle

FIG. 6 depicts a surface S representative of a conductive element (or aportion thereof), which consist of a number of cylindrical surfacesrepresenting the combined surface of a multiple wire system. At ageneral point x on the surface the unit normal vector pointing into thedielectric is denoted by n(x) and two orthogonal unit tangent vectorsare denoted by t₁(x) and t₂(x). The electric and magnetic field vectorsat x, E(x) and H(x) respectively, can be expressed in terms of normaland tangential components in the formE(x)=E ₁(x)t ₁(x)+E ₂(x)t ₂(x)+E _(n)(x)n(x),  (1)H(x)=H ₁(x)t ₁(x)+H ₂(x)t ₂(x)+H _(n)(x)n(x).  (2)The field components are taken to be harmonic in time with frequency ω,and the variables in equations (1) and (2) are taken to representcomplex amplitudes so that, for example, the time history of the firsttangential electric component E₁ is given by Re{E₁e^(−iωt)}. With thisnotation, the time average of the total electromagnetic power radiatedby the surface can be written as

$\begin{matrix}\begin{matrix}{P = {\left( {1/2} \right){Re}\left\{ {\int_{S}{{\left( {E \times H^{*}} \right) \cdot n}{\mathbb{d}s}}} \right\}}} \\{= {\left( {1/2} \right){Re}{\left\{ {\int_{S}{\left( {{E_{1}H_{2}^{*}} - {E_{2}H_{1}^{*}}} \right){\mathbb{d}s}}} \right\}.}}}\end{matrix} & (3)\end{matrix}$

To aid a numerical analysis of the system, the tangential components ofthe magnetic field can be expressed in terms of a finite number ofgeneralized coordinates so that

$\begin{matrix}{{{H_{j}(x)} = {\sum\limits_{n = 1}^{N}{h_{jn}{\phi_{n}(x)}}}},{j = 1},2,} & (4)\end{matrix}$where φ_(n)(x) (n=1, 2, . . . , ∞) is a complete set of basis functionsdefined over the surface S, and h_(jn)(n=1, 2, . . . , N) is a finiteset of generalized coordinates used to approximate the magnetic fieldcomponent H_(j)(x). Similarly, a set of generalized coordinates e_(jn)can be introduced to describe the electric field, with the definition

$\begin{matrix}{{e_{jn} = {\int_{S}{{E_{j}(x)}{\phi_{n}(x)}{\mathbb{d}s}}}},{j = 1},2.} & (5)\end{matrix}$The tangential field components can then represented by the vectors

$\begin{matrix}{{e = \begin{pmatrix}{- e_{2}} \\e_{1}\end{pmatrix}},{h = \begin{pmatrix}h_{1} \\h_{2}\end{pmatrix}},} & \left( {6,7} \right)\end{matrix}$where e₁, for example, contains the generalized coordinates e_(1n). Theordering of the components in equations (6) and (7) has been chosen sothat, by virtue of equations (3)-(5), the following relation holds:P=(½)Re(h* ^(T) e).  (8)It can be noted that a requirement for equation (8) to apply actuallyunderlies the definition of the generalized coordinates given byequations (4) and (5). If the functions φ_(n)(x) are orthonormal, thenequations (4) and (5) are mathematically alike, and there is nodistinction between the definition of the generalized coordinates forthe electric and magnetic fields. However, in many approximate methods(for example the finite element method) the functions φ_(n)(x) are notorthonormal, and in this case the magnetic field generalized coordinatesare not given by the magnetic equivalent of equation (5); rather,equation (4) can be inverted by using the method of weighted residualsto yield the generalized coordinates in terms of the magnetic field.

The electromagnetic field in an infinite dielectric medium must satisfyMaxwell's equations. Taking the case in which there are no internalsources of electromagnetic radiation within the dielectric medium, andassuming that the Sommerfeld radiation conditions apply at infinity,these equations can be solved (analytically or numerically) to yield arelation between the tangential electric and magnetic field componentson S. This relation can be expressed in terms of an impedance matrixZ_(D) such thatZ _(D) h=e.  (9)Now the impedance matrix can be expressed as the sum of a Hermitiancomponent Z_(DH) and an anti-Hermitian component Z_(DA) so thatZ _(D)=(Z _(D) +Z* _(D) ^(T))/2+(Z _(D) −Z* _(D) ^(T))/2=Z _(DH) +Z_(DA).  (10)One physically significant feature of these two components is that thepower radiated by the surface is determined completely by Z_(DH), sinceit follows from equations (8)-(10) thatP=(½)h* ^(T) Z _(DH) h.  (11)In acoustical or mechanical terminology, Z_(DH) is referred to as theresistive part of the impedance matrix, associated with waves whichpropagate to infinity, while Z_(DA) is referred to as the reactive part,associated with near-field effects. Two extensions to equation (9) arenow considered: (i) the addition of incident electromagnetic waves inthe dielectric, and (ii) the inclusion of the impedance matrix, Z_(C)say, associated with the material that lies within the surface S. Thisleads to the pair of equationsZ _(D)(h−h _(inc))=e−e _(inc) , Z _(C) h=−e,  (12, 13)where e and h are the total field components on S, and e_(inc) andh_(inc) are the field components arising from the incidentelectromagnetic waves (in the absence of any reflection or diffractionat S). The sign convention associated with equation (13) is chosen toensure that the power given by the analogy of equation (11) is in thedirection of the inwards pointing normal vector, i.e. into the materialassociated with the impedance matrix. Now equations (12) and (13) yield(Z _(D) +Z _(C))h=Z _(D) h _(inc) −e _(inc) =−e _(b),  (14)where e_(b) is referred to herein as the blocked electric field, i.e.,the surface tangential electric field that would result were the innermaterial such that h=0. The terminology “blocked” is often used inacoustics; for example the blocked acoustic pressure in a sound fieldcontaining an object is defined as the pressure obtained when theacoustic velocity normal to the surface of the object is enforced to bezero. In the present context the electric and magnetic fields areloosely analogous to the acoustic pressure and the normal velocity.

When the incident electromagnetic waves on the surface S constitute arandom diffuse field, the diffuse field reciprocity principle applies sothat

$\begin{matrix}{{{E\left\lbrack {e_{b}\mspace{14mu} e_{b}^{\;^{*}T}} \right\rbrack} = {\left( \frac{4U}{\pi\; v} \right)Z_{DH}}},} & (15)\end{matrix}$where E[ ] represents the ensemble average, taken over realizations ofthe random diffuse field. In this result, Z_(DH) is the impedance matrixassociated with an infinite dielectric (i.e. with Sommerfeld radiationboundary conditions), while the diffuse waves are taken to be containedin a physical dielectric of finite extent; U is the time averaged energyof the diffuse field, and v is the modal density of electromagneticmodes in the dielectric (i.e. the average number of natural frequencieswithin a unit frequency band). These quantities are given byU=(½)μVE[|H| ² ], v=Vω ²/(λ² c ³),  (16, 17)where μ and V are respectively the permeability and volume of thedielectric, c is the speed of light, and ω is the frequency (in radians)of the incident wavefield. It can be noted that a diffuse field is bydefinition statistically homogenous, and so E[|H|²] is independent ofspatial position. Equation (15) in conjunction with equation (14) yieldsa very efficient solution for the cross-spectrum of the surface magneticfield induced by the incident diffuse wavefield:

$\begin{matrix}{{E\left\lbrack {hh}^{\;^{*}T} \right\rbrack} = {\left( \frac{4U}{\pi\; v} \right)\left( {Z_{D} + Z_{C}} \right)^{- 1}{{Z_{DH}\left( {Z_{D} + Z_{C}} \right)}^{- T^{*}}.}}} & (18)\end{matrix}$

The application of the diffuse field reciprocity principle will now bedescribed in greater detail in the context of the surface S representingthe surface of one or more transmission lines. For purposes ofexplanation, in each case described below, it is assumed that thetransmission line is composed of a number of wires of circularcross-section which each run parallel to the x₃-axis. The surfaceelectromagnetic field on each wire is taken to be constant around thecircumference of the wire so that, in terms of cylindrical waveguidetheory, only the n=0 components are considered to be significant overthe frequency range of interest. For wires in close proximity, thepresent theory can be extended to include higher order waveguide modes,at the cost of additional algebraic complexity. However, for purposes ofexplaining the application of the diffuse field reciprocity principle,the n=0 restriction is adopted with the consequent assumption that thewires are not too closely spaced. The surface electric and magneticfields are thus represented by field variables, e_(j)(x₃) and h_(j)(x₃)respectively, which depend only upon the coordinate x₃, and thesevariables are taken to be ordered such that equation (8) applies, asdescribed in greater detail below. The field variables are representedby generalized coordinates h_(jn) and e_(jn), which are definedanalogously to equations (4) and (5) in the form

$\begin{matrix}{{{h_{j}\left( x_{3} \right)} = {\sum\limits_{n = 1}^{N}{h_{jn}{\phi_{n}\left( x_{3} \right)}}}},{e_{jn} = {\int_{L}{{e_{j}\left( x_{3} \right)}{\phi_{n}\left( x_{3} \right)}{\mathbb{d}x_{3}}}}},} & \left( {19,20} \right)\end{matrix}$where L is the domain of the transmission line. In the detailed analysisof transmission lines it is analytically convenient to consider theFourier transform of the field variables, so that, for example, theFourier transform ĥ_(j)(k₃) is considered rather than h_(j)(x₃), where

$\begin{matrix}{{{{\hat{h}}_{j}\left( k_{3} \right)} = {\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi}}{\int_{L}{{h_{j}\left( x_{3} \right)}{\mathbb{e}}^{{- {\mathbb{i}}}\; k_{3}x_{3}}{\mathbb{d}x_{3}}}}}},} & (21) \\{{{h_{j}\left( k_{3} \right)} = {\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi}}{\int_{- \infty}^{\infty}{{{\hat{h}}_{j}\left( k_{3} \right)}{\mathbb{e}}^{{\mathbb{i}}\; k_{3}x_{3}}{\mathbb{d}x_{3}}}}}},} & (22)\end{matrix}$and k₃ is the wavenumber in the x₃-direction. With this notation, adielectric impedance matrix in wavenumber space, {circumflex over(Z)}_(D)(k₃) say, can be defined such that

$\begin{matrix}{{{\hat{e}}_{j}\left( k_{3} \right)} = {\sum\limits_{r}^{\;}{{{\hat{Z}}_{D\;{jr}}\left( k_{3} \right)}{{{\hat{h}}_{r}\left( k_{3} \right)}.}}}} & (23)\end{matrix}$Likewise, a blocked electric field ê_(bj)(k₃) can be defined as theFourier transform of the blocked electric field in physical space,e_(bj)(x₃).

Diffuse Field Reciprocity in Wavenumber Space

The impedance matrix Z_(D) in generalized coordinates can be deduced byapplying Parseval's theorem to equation (20) and then employing equation(23) to yield

$\begin{matrix}\begin{matrix}{e_{jn} = {\int_{- \infty}^{\infty}{{{\hat{e}}_{j}\left( k_{3} \right)}{{\hat{\phi}}_{n}^{*}\left( k_{3} \right)}{\mathbb{d}\; k_{3}}}}} \\{= {\sum\limits_{r}^{\;}{\int_{- \infty}^{\infty}{{{\hat{Z}}_{Djr}\left( k_{3} \right)}{{\hat{h}}_{r}\left( k_{3} \right)}{{\hat{\phi}}_{n}^{*}\left( k_{3} \right)}{\mathbb{d}k_{3}}}}}} \\{= {\sum\limits_{rm}^{\;}{Z_{Djnrm}{h_{rm}.}}}}\end{matrix} & (24)\end{matrix}$where the final equality in this result arises from the definition ofZ_(D). Hence

$\begin{matrix}{Z_{Djnrm} = {\int_{- \infty}^{\infty}{{{\hat{Z}}_{Djr}\left( k_{3} \right)}{{\hat{\phi}}_{m}\left( k_{3} \right)}{{\hat{\phi}}_{n}^{*}\left( k_{3} \right)}{{\mathbb{d}k_{3}}.}}}} & (25)\end{matrix}$The blocked electric field can be expressed in generalized coordinatesas

$\begin{matrix}{{e_{bjn} = {{\int_{L}{{e_{bj}\left( x_{3} \right)}{\phi_{n}\left( x_{3} \right)}{\mathbb{d}x_{3}}}} = {\int_{- \infty}^{\infty}{{{\hat{e}}_{bj}\left( k_{3} \right)}{{\hat{\phi}}_{n}^{*}\left( k_{3} \right)}{\mathbb{d}k_{3}}}}}},} & (26)\end{matrix}$and it follows that

$\begin{matrix}{{E\left\lbrack {e_{bjn}e_{brm}^{*}} \right\rbrack} = {\int_{- \infty}^{\infty}{\int_{- \infty}^{\infty}{{E\left\lbrack {{{\hat{e}}_{bj}\left( k_{3} \right)}{{\hat{e}}_{br}^{*}\left( k_{3}^{\prime} \right)}} \right\rbrack}{{\hat{\phi}}_{m}\left( k_{3}^{\prime} \right)}{{\hat{\phi}}_{n}^{*}\left( k_{3} \right)}{\mathbb{d}k_{3}}{{\mathbb{d}k_{3}^{\prime}}.}}}}} & (27)\end{matrix}$

Now, for the diffuse field reciprocity equation (15) to apply ingeneralized coordinates, it follows from equations (25) and (27) thatthe following condition must be met in wavenumber spaceE[ê _(bj)(k ₃)ê* _(br)(k′ ₃)]=(4U/πv)δ(k ₃ −k′ ₃){circumflex over (Z)}_(DHjr)(k ₃),  (28)where {circumflex over (Z)}_(DH)(k₃) is the Hermitian part of{circumflex over (Z)}_(D)(k₃). This equation can be simplified slightlyby considering the nature of the incident diffuse field which gives riseto the blocked electric field. The magnetic field associated with thediffuse field can be written in terms of its Fourier transform in theform

$\begin{matrix}{{{H(x)} = {\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\;\pi}}{\int_{- k}^{k}{{\hat{H}\left( {x_{1},x_{2},k_{3}} \right)}{\mathbb{e}}^{{\mathbb{i}}\; k_{3}x_{3}}{\mathbb{d}k}}}}},} & (29)\end{matrix}$where k=ω/c is the wavenumber of each wave component of the diffusefield, and it has been noted that the projected wavenumber k₃ cannotexceed k. It follows that

$\begin{matrix}{{E\left\lbrack {H}^{2} \right\rbrack} = {\frac{1}{2\pi}{\int_{- k}^{k}{\int_{- k}^{k}{{E\left\lbrack {{\hat{H}\left( {x_{1},x_{2},k_{3}} \right)} \cdot {{\hat{H}}^{*}\left( {x_{1},x_{2},k_{3}^{\prime}} \right)}} \right\rbrack}{\mathbb{e}}^{{{\mathbb{i}}{({k_{3} - k_{3}^{\prime}})}}x_{3}}{\mathbb{d}k_{3}}{{\mathbb{d}k_{3}^{\prime}}.}}}}}} & (30)\end{matrix}$The left hand side of equation (30) is independent of x, since thediffuse field is statistically homogeneous, and furthermore for athree-dimensional diffuse field the energy in the field is evenlydistributed among the wavenumbers k₃. Applying these considerations toequation (30) leads to the conclusion thatE[Ĥ(x ₁ ,x ₂ ,k ₃)·{circumflex over (H)}*(x ₁ ,x ₂ ,k′ ₃)]=(π/k)E[|H|²]δ(k ₃ −k′ ₃).  (31)

Now, the diffuse field can be represented as a collection of plane wavesof various headings and polarizations, and the waves which contribute toĤ(x₁, x₂, k₃) will all have the same heading β relative to the x₃-axis,which is given by β=cos⁻¹(k₃/k). These waves will however have a rangeof azimuth angles φ and polarization angles ψ. If {circumflex over(f)}_(bj)(φ, ψ, k₃) is defined as the blocked electric field associatedwith an incident wave of unit amplitude (i.e. the magnetic vector of thewave is of unit amplitude), and specified heading, azimuth angle, andpolarization, thenE[ê _(bj)(k ₃)ê* _(br)(k′ ₃)]=

{circumflex over (f)} _(bj)(φ,ψ,k ₃){circumflex over (f)}* _(br)(φ,ψ,k′₃)

_(φ,ψ) ×E[Ĥ(x ₁ ,x ₂ ,k ₃)·{circumflex over (H)}*(x ₁ ,x ₂ k′ ₃)],  (32)where the first term on the right hand side represents an average overthe azimuth and polarization angles. Equations (31) and (32), togetherwith equations (16) and (17), imply that equation (28) can be rewrittenin the form

{circumflex over (f)} _(bj)(φ,ψ,k ₃){circumflex over (f)}* _(br)(φ,ψ,k′₃)

_(φ,ψ)=(2μω/k ²){circumflex over (Z)} _(DHjr)(k ₃).  (33)If equation (33) is satisfied, then the diffuse field reciprocityequation (15) holds in generalized coordinates. The validity of equation(33) is explored below for a range of transmission lines and/or wiringconfigurations.

Single Wire Transmission Line

In the case of a single wire running through a dielectric material, thesurface S consists of the cylindrical outer surface of the wire. For aprescribed axial wavenumber k₃ the full solution to Maxell's equationsin the dielectric medium, with Sommerfeld radiation boundary conditions,consists of transverse magnetic (TM) and transverse electric (TE)cylindrical waves, of order n=0, ±1, . . . , ±∞, such that thefunctional dependency of the electromagnetic field on the cylindricalpolar angle θ has the form exp(inθ). Only the zero order terms (n=0) areof interest here, and in this case the TM and TE waves are uncoupled onthe cylindrical surface S: the non-zero surface field components for theTM waves are (in cylindrical polar coordinates, with z=x₃) E_(z) andH_(θ), while those associated with the TE waves are E_(θ) and H_(z). Thefollowing analysis is restricted to the case of TM waves, since thesewaves are responsible for any axial current along the wire. For n=0, theTM surface field components areE _(z) =AH ₀ ⁽¹⁾(λa)e ^(ik) ³ ^(x) ³ ,  (34)H _(θ) =A(ik ²/μωλ)H ₀ ^((1)′)(λa)e ^(ik) ³ ^(x) ³ ,  (35)where a is the radius of the wire, A is the cylindrical wave amplitude,andλ=(k ² −k ₃ ²)^(1/2).  (36)The field variables in wavenumber space, ê_(j)(k₃) and ĥ_(j)(k₃)(discussed above), can now be defined on the basis of equations (34) and(35) asê ₁(k ₃)=−AH ₀ ⁽¹⁾(λa),  (37)ĥ ₁(k ₃)=2πaA(ik ²/μωλ)H ₀ ^((1)′)(λa).  (38)

The negative sign is included in equation (37), together with the factorof 2πa in equation (38), to ensure that the power radiated by the wireis given by equation (8). The variable given by equation (38) can beidentified as the integral of the circumferential component of themagnetic field around the circumference of the wire, and from theMaxwell-Ampere law this is actually the current in the wire. It followsfrom equations (23), (37) and (38) that the impedance matrix of thedielectric (in this case a scalar) in wavenumber space is given by

$\begin{matrix}{{{\hat{Z}}_{D}\left( k_{3} \right)} = {{\left( \frac{\mathbb{i}\mu\omega\lambda}{2\pi\;{ak}^{2}} \right)\left\lbrack \frac{H_{0}^{(1)}\left( {\lambda\; a} \right)}{H_{0}^{{(1)}^{\prime}}\left( {\lambda\; a} \right)} \right\rbrack}.}} & (39)\end{matrix}$The Hermitian part of the impedance is then

$\begin{matrix}{{{\hat{Z}}_{DH}\left( k_{3} \right)} = \left\{ {\begin{matrix}{\mu\;{\omega\left( {\pi\;{ak}} \right)}^{- 2}{{H_{0}^{{(1)}^{\prime}}\left( {\lambda\; a} \right)}}^{- 2}} & {k_{3} \leq k} \\0 & {k_{3} > k}\end{matrix},} \right.} & (40)\end{matrix}$where the Bessel function Wronskian properties have been used tosimplify the result.

For purposes of demonstrating the validity of equation (33), anexpression must be derived for the blocked electric field {circumflexover (f)}_(b,1) arising from an incident plane electromagnetic wave. Tothis end, the field associated with an incident plane wave of magneticamplitude H_(amp) and axial wavenumber k₃ can be written in the formH=H _(amp)[cos ψn ₁+sin ψn ₂ ]e ^(ik.x),  (41)E=H _(amp)η[sin ψn ₁−cos ψn ₂ ]e ^(ik.x),  (42)where η=√{square root over (μ/∈)} andn ₁=(−sin φ cos φ0),  (43)n ₂=(−cos β cos φ−cos β sin φ sin β),  (44)k=(k cos φ sin βk sin φ sin βk ₃).  (45)Here β is the angle of incidence to the x₃-axis, φ is the azimuth angleof incidence, measured in the x₁-x₂ plane, and ψ is the polarization ofthe wave, measured in a plane perpendicular to the propagationdirection. From these definitions, equation (36) can be rewritten as λ=ksin β. Now on the surface S, the Cartesian position vector x and twounit tangent vectors t_(z) and t_(θ) can be written in terms of thecylindrical polar angle θ in the formx=(a cos θa sin θx ₃), t _(z)=(0 0 1),  (46, 47)t _(θ)=(−sin θ cos θ0).  (48)With this notation, the n=0 axial surface component of the incidentelectric field is given by

$\begin{matrix}{{{{\hat{e}}_{{inc},1}\left( k_{3} \right)} = {{{- \left( {2\pi} \right)^{- 1}}{\mathbb{e}}^{{\mathbb{i}}\; k_{3}x_{3}}{\int_{0}^{2\pi}{{E \cdot t_{z}}{\mathbb{d}\;\theta}}}} = {H_{amp}{J_{0}\left( {\lambda\; a} \right)}\eta\;\cos\;\psi\;\sin\;\beta}}},} & (49)\end{matrix}$and similarly, the n=0 circumferential surface component of the incidentmagnetic field is given by

$\begin{matrix}\begin{matrix}{{{\hat{h}}_{{inc},1}\left( k_{3} \right)} = {2\pi\;{a\left( {2\pi} \right)}^{- 1}{\mathbb{e}}^{{- {\mathbb{i}}}\; k_{3}x_{3}}{\int_{0}^{2\pi}{{H \cdot t_{\theta}}{\mathbb{d}\theta}}}}} \\{= {{- {\mathbb{i}}}\; H_{amp}{J_{0}^{\prime}\left( {\lambda\; a} \right)}2\pi\; a\;\cos\;{\psi.}}}\end{matrix} & (50)\end{matrix}$

By using equations (14), (39), (49) and (50), the blocked incidentelectric field can be evaluated as

$\begin{matrix}\begin{matrix}{{{\hat{e}}_{b,1}\left( k_{3} \right)} = {{{\hat{e}}_{{inc},1}\left( k_{3} \right)} - {{{\hat{Z}}_{D}\left( k_{3} \right)}{{\hat{h}}_{{inc},1}\left( k_{3} \right)}}}} \\{= {\left\lbrack \frac{H_{amp}\mu\;{\omega\lambda}\;\cos\;\psi}{k^{2}{H_{0}^{{(1)}^{\prime}}\left( {\lambda\; a} \right)}} \right\rbrack \times}} \\{\left\{ {{{J_{0}\left( {\lambda\; a} \right)}{H_{0}^{{(1)}^{\prime}}\left( {\lambda\; a} \right)}} - {{J_{0}^{\prime}\left( {\lambda\; a} \right)}{H_{0}^{(1)}\left( {\lambda\; a} \right)}}} \right\}.}\end{matrix} & (51)\end{matrix}$By definition, {circumflex over (f)}_(b,1) is given by the value ofê_(b,1) under the condition H_(amp)=1. It can therefore be shown that(for k₃≦k)

|{circumflex over (f)} _(b,1)|²

_(φ,ψ)=2(μω)²(πak ²)⁻² |H ₀ ^((1)′)(λa)|⁻²=(2μω/k ²){circumflex over(Z)} _(DH)(k ₃),  (52)where the Bessel function Wronskian properties have been employed. Fork₃>k the corresponding result is zero, in line with equation (40). Itfollows from equation (52) that equation (33) is satisfied, thus provingthe validity of the diffuse field reciprocity principle for a singlewire.

Two Wire Transmission Line System

The previous analysis is extended in this section to the case of twoparallel wires, each of radius a, which are spaced a distance d apart:the center of one wire runs along the line (0, 0, x₃), while the otherruns along (−d, 0, x₃). FIG. 7 depicts a simplified representation of atwo wire transmission line system for purposes of explanation. For agiven axial wavenumber k₃, the solution to Maxwell's equations in thedielectric medium can be represented as the sum of two sets ofcylindrical waves, each set being centered on one of the wires. Thus forn=0 TM waves, the electromagnetic field can be represented as acylindrical wave of amplitude A₁ centered on the first wire, togetherwith a cylindrical wave of amplitude A₂ centered on the second wire. Inthis case, equation (37) for the axial electric field variable on thesurface of the first wire is modified to become

$\begin{matrix}{{{{\hat{e}}_{1}\left( k_{3} \right)} = {{{- A_{1}}{H_{0}^{(1)}\left( {\lambda\; a} \right)}} - {{A_{2}\left( {2\;\pi} \right)}^{- 1}{\int_{0}^{2\;\pi}{{H_{0}^{(1)}\left( {\lambda{{x + d}}} \right)}{\mathbb{d}\theta}}}}}},} & (53)\end{matrix}$where the second term represents the contribution from the wave centeredon the second wire, and the vector d joins the centers of the two wiresas shown in FIG. 7. The integral which appears in equation (53) can beevaluated to yieldê ₁(k ₃)=−A ₁ H ₀ ⁽¹⁾(λa)−A ₂ H ₀ ⁽¹⁾(λd)J ₀(λa).  (54)

Similarly, the circumferential magnetic field variable on the surface ofthe first wire is modified from equation (38) to become

$\begin{matrix}\begin{matrix}{{{\hat{h}}_{1}\left( k_{3} \right)} = {2\pi\;{a\left( {{\mathbb{i}}\;{k^{2}/\mu}\;\omega\;\lambda} \right)}\left\{ {{A_{1}{H_{0}^{{(1)}^{\prime}}\left( {\lambda\; a} \right)}} +} \right.}} \\\left. {{A_{2}\left( {2\;\pi} \right)}^{- 1}{\int_{0}^{2\pi}{{H_{0}^{{(1)}^{\prime}}\left( {\lambda{{x + d}}} \right)}\cos\;\left( {\theta - \chi} \right){\mathbb{d}\theta}}}} \right\} \\{{= {2\pi\;{a\left( {{\mathbb{i}}\;{k^{2}/\mu}\;\omega\;\lambda} \right)}\left\{ {{A_{1}{H_{0}^{{(1)}^{\prime}}\left( {\lambda\; a} \right)}} - {A_{2}{H_{0}^{(1)}\left( {\lambda\; d} \right)}{J_{1}\left( {\lambda\; a} \right)}}} \right\}}},}\end{matrix} & (55)\end{matrix}$where the angles θ and χ are shown in FIG. 7. Equations similar toequations (54) and (55) can be derived for the second wire, to yield

$\begin{matrix}{{\begin{pmatrix}{\hat{e}}_{1} \\{\hat{e}}_{2}\end{pmatrix} = {{{- \begin{pmatrix}{H_{0}^{(1)}\left( {\lambda\; a} \right)} & {{H_{0}^{(1)}\left( {\lambda\; d} \right)}{J_{0}\left( {\lambda\; a} \right)}} \\{{H_{0}^{(1)}\left( {\lambda\; d} \right)}{J_{0}\left( {\lambda\; a} \right)}} & {H_{0}^{(1)}\left( {\lambda\; a} \right)}\end{pmatrix}}\begin{pmatrix}A_{1} \\A_{2}\end{pmatrix}} = {P_{1}A}}},} & (56) \\{{\begin{pmatrix}{\hat{h}}_{1} \\{\hat{h}}_{2}\end{pmatrix} = {{\left( \frac{2\pi\; a\;{ik}^{2}}{\mu\;\omega\;\lambda} \right) \times \begin{pmatrix}{H_{0}^{{(1)}^{\prime}}\left( {\lambda\; a} \right)} & {{- {H_{0}^{(1)}\left( {\lambda\; d} \right)}}{J_{1}\left( {\lambda\; a} \right)}} \\{{- {H_{0}^{(1)}\left( {\lambda\; d} \right)}}{J_{1}\left( {\lambda\; a} \right)}} & {H_{0}^{{(1)}^{\prime}}\left( {\lambda\; a} \right)}\end{pmatrix}\begin{pmatrix}A_{1} \\A_{2}\end{pmatrix}} = {P_{2}A}}},} & (57)\end{matrix}$where the matrices P₁ and P₂ are defined accordingly. The impedancematrix of the dielectric medium in wavenumber space then follows as{circumflex over (Z)} _(D)(k ₃)ĥ=ê, {circumflex over (Z)} _(D)(k ₃)=P ₁P ₂ ⁻¹.  (58, 59)The electric and magnetic fields arising from an incident plane wave canbe derived by extending equations (49) and (50) to yield

$\begin{matrix}{{{\hat{e}}_{inc} = {H_{amp}{J_{0}\left( {\lambda\; a} \right)}\eta\;\cos\;\psi\;\sin\;{\beta\begin{pmatrix}1 \\{\mathbb{e}}^{{- {\mathbb{i}}}\;{kd}\;\cos\;\varphi\;\sin\;\beta}\end{pmatrix}}}},} & (60) \\{{{\hat{h}}_{inc} = {{- {\mathbb{i}}}\; H_{amp}{J_{0}^{\prime}\left( {\lambda\; a} \right)}2\pi\; a\;\cos\;{\psi\begin{pmatrix}1 \\{\mathbb{e}}^{{- {\mathbb{i}}}\;{kd}\;\cos\;\varphi\;\sin\;\beta}\end{pmatrix}}}},} & (61)\end{matrix}$and the blocked electric field is then given byê _(b) =ê _(inc) −{circumflex over (Z)} _(D) ĥ _(inc).  (62)

Equations (59) and (62) can be used to explore the validity of equation(33) for the two wire system. An important special case is that of thetransmission mode of the system, in which the current in the second wireis equal in magnitude and opposite in sign to that in the first wire,which implies that A₂=−A₁. Field variables ĥ_(T)(k₃) and ê_(T)(k₃) canbe defined for the transmission mode such that

$\begin{matrix}{{\hat{h} = {{\hat{h}}_{T}\begin{pmatrix}1 \\{- 1}\end{pmatrix}}},{{\hat{e}}_{T} = {\begin{pmatrix}1 & {- 1}\end{pmatrix}\hat{e}}},} & \left( {63,64} \right)\end{matrix}$and it can then be shown from equations (56)-(59) that the associatedimpedance is given by

$\begin{matrix}{{{\hat{Z}}_{DT}\left( k_{3} \right)} = {\frac{{\hat{e}}_{T}}{{\hat{h}}_{T}} = {{\left( \frac{{\mathbb{i}}\;{\mu\omega}\;\lambda}{\pi\; a\; k^{2}} \right)\left\lbrack \frac{{H_{0}^{(1)}\left( {\lambda\; a} \right)} - {{H_{0}^{(1)}\left( {\lambda\; d} \right)}{J_{0}\left( {\lambda\; a} \right)}}}{{H_{0}^{{(1)}^{\prime}}\left( {\lambda\; a} \right)} + {{H_{0}^{(1)}\left( {\lambda\; d} \right)}{J_{1}\left( {\lambda\; a} \right)}}} \right\rbrack}.}}} & (65)\end{matrix}$

After some algebra, it follows that the Hermitian part of the impedanceis

$\begin{matrix}{{{\hat{Z}}_{DH}\left( k_{3} \right)} = \left\{ {\begin{matrix}{{\left( \frac{2\mu\;\omega}{\pi^{2}a^{2}k^{2}} \right)\left\lbrack {1 - {J_{0}\left( {\lambda\; d} \right)}} \right\rbrack} \times} & \; \\{{{H_{0}^{{(1)}^{\prime}}\left( {\lambda\; a} \right)} + {{H_{0}^{(1)}\left( {\lambda\; d} \right)}{J_{1}\left( {\lambda\; a} \right)}}}}^{- 2} & {k_{3} \leq k} \\0 & {k_{3} > k}\end{matrix}.} \right.} & (66)\end{matrix}$Now the blocked electric field associated with the transmission mode canbe written in the form

$\begin{matrix}\begin{matrix}{{\hat{e}}_{bT} = {\begin{pmatrix}1 & {- 1}\end{pmatrix}{\hat{e}}_{b}}} \\{= {\left( \frac{{- 2}\;\mu\;\omega\; H_{amp}\cos\;\psi}{\pi\;{ak}^{2}} \right) \times}} \\{\left\lbrack \frac{1 - {\mathbb{e}}^{{- {\mathbb{i}}}\;{kd}\mspace{11mu}\cos\;\varphi\;\sin\;\beta}}{{H_{0}^{{(1)}^{\prime}}\left( {\lambda\; a} \right)} + {{H_{0}^{(1)}\left( {\lambda\; d} \right)}{J_{1}\left( {\lambda\; a} \right)}}} \right\rbrack,}\end{matrix} & (67)\end{matrix}$and by definition the variable {circumflex over (f)}_(bT) is given bythis result under the condition H_(amp)=1. It thus follows that (fork₃≦k)

$\begin{matrix}\begin{matrix}{\left\langle {{\hat{f}}_{bT}}^{2} \right\rangle_{\varphi,\psi} = {{\left( \frac{2\;\mu\;\omega}{\pi\; a\; k^{2}} \right)^{2}\left\lbrack {1 - {J_{0}\left( {\lambda\; d} \right)}} \right\rbrack} \times}} \\{{{{H_{0}^{{(1)}^{\prime}}\left( {\lambda\; a} \right)} + {{H_{0}^{(1)}\left( {\lambda\; d} \right)}{J_{1}\left( {\lambda\; a} \right)}}}}^{- 2}} \\{{= {\left( {2\;\mu\;{\omega/k^{2}}} \right){{\hat{Z}}_{DH}\left( k_{3} \right)}}},}\end{matrix} & (68)\end{matrix}$and the diffuse field reciprocity principle is valid for thetransmission mode in a two wire system.

Surface Electromagnetic Impedance Matrix Determination for a ConductingWire

The preceding discussion considered the properties of the impedancematrix Z_(D) associated with an infinite dielectric medium surrounding atransmission line. In this section the matrix Z_(C) which appears inequation (13) is considered: this is the impedance matrix associatedwith the conducting material in the transmission line. The aim is not todemonstrate that the diffuse field reciprocity principle applies to thisimpedance, since clearly the conducting material will not carry adiffuse field, but rather to derive expressions for the electromagneticimpedance at the surface of the conducting material diffuse fieldreciprocity principle can be applied. For a single conducting wire ofradius a, the impedance (a scalar in this case) follows from a verysimilar argument to that used to derive the dielectric impedance,equation (39). The Hankel function H₀ ⁽¹⁾ used to describe the outersolution to Maxwell's equations must be replaced by the Bessel functionJ₀, and a sign change must be introduced to account for the direction ofthe inwards pointing normal; this procedure yields

$\begin{matrix}{{{{\hat{Z}}_{C}\left( k_{3} \right)} = {\left( \frac{{- {\mathbb{i}}}\;\mu_{c}\omega\;\lambda_{c}}{2\pi\; a\; k_{c}^{2}} \right)\left\lbrack \frac{J_{0}\left( {\lambda_{c}a} \right)}{J_{0}^{\prime}\left( {\lambda_{c}a} \right)} \right\rbrack}},{where}} & (69) \\{{k_{c}^{2} = {\omega^{2}{\mu_{c}\left( {ɛ_{c} + {{\mathbb{i}\sigma}_{c}/\omega}} \right)}}},{\lambda_{c}^{2} = {k_{c}^{2} - k_{3}^{2}}},} & \left( {70,71} \right)\end{matrix}$and k_(c), μ_(c), ∈_(c), and σ_(c) are, respectively, the wavenumber,permeability, permittivity and conductance of the wire material. Formany conducting materials σ_(c)>>∈_(c)ω and equation (69) can beapproximated as

$\begin{matrix}{{{\hat{Z}}_{C}\left( k_{3} \right)} = {\left( \frac{1 - i}{2\pi\; a} \right){\left( \frac{\omega\;\mu_{c}}{2\;\sigma_{c}} \right)^{1/2}.}}} & (72)\end{matrix}$

It can be noted that the impedance given by equation (72) is independentof k₃, hence under this approximation the material is locally reacting,i.e. the Fourier transform of {circumflex over (Z)}_(C) is proportionalto the delta function δ(x₃). For a single wire transmission line,equation (72) can be employed directly in the analysis described above;for the transmission mode of a two wire transmission line this resultmust be multiplied by a factor of two, so that equation (65) isaugmented by the result {circumflex over (Z)}_(CT)=2{circumflex over(Z)}_(C).

Numerical Calculation of Impedance Matrices

In order to numerically apply the foregoing theory to transmissionlines, it is necessary to select the shape functions φ_(n)(x₃) whichappear in equations (19) and (20). The approach taken here is toconsider a number of evenly spaced reference points along thetransmission line (x_(3,n) say, with x_(3,n)−x_(3,n-1)−Δx) and to employa set of sinc functions centered on these points, so that

$\begin{matrix}{{{\phi_{n}\left( x_{3} \right)} = {{\sin\;{c\left\lbrack {k_{s}\left( {x_{3} - x_{3,n}} \right)} \right\rbrack}} = \frac{\sin\left\lbrack {k_{s}\left( {x_{3} - x_{3,n}} \right)} \right\rbrack}{k_{s}\left( {x_{3} - x_{3,n}} \right)}}},} & (73) \\{k_{s} = {{\pi/\Delta}\;{x.}}} & (74)\end{matrix}$As described above, the field variables for a single wire arerepresented by e₁(x₃) and h₁(x₃), while the field variables for thetransmission mode response of a two wire system are represented bye_(T)(x₃) and h_(T)(x₃). For ease of explanation, the abbreviatednotation e(x₃) and h(x₃) will be employed to represent either of thesecases, and the corresponding generalized coordinates will be denoted bye_(n) and h_(n). It follows from equations (19), (20), and (73) that thegeneralized coordinates can be related to the values of the fieldvariables at the reference points as followsh _(n) =h(x _(3,n)), e _(n)=(π/k _(s))e(x _(3,n)).  (75, 76)Now, the Fourier transform of the shape functions is given by

$\begin{matrix}{{{\hat{\phi}}_{n}\left( k_{3} \right)} = \left\{ {\begin{matrix}{\left( {\pi/2} \right)^{1/2}k_{s}^{- 1}{\mathbb{e}}^{{- {\mathbb{i}}}\; k_{s}x_{3,n}}} & {{k_{3}} \leq k_{s}} \\0 & {{k_{3}} > k_{s}}\end{matrix},} \right.} & (77)\end{matrix}$so that the dielectric impedance matrix in generalized coordinatesfollows from equation (25) as

$\begin{matrix}{Z_{Dnm} = {{\left( \frac{\pi}{2\; k_{s}^{2}} \right){\int_{- k_{s}}^{k_{s}}{{{\hat{Z}}_{D}\left( k_{3} \right)}{\mathbb{e}}^{{- {\mathbb{i}}}\;{k_{3}{({x_{3,m} - x_{3,n}})}}}\ {\mathbb{d}k_{3}}}}} = {{Z_{D}\left( {m - n} \right)}.}}} & (78)\end{matrix}$The exponent in equation (78) contains the term x_(3,n)−x_(3,n) whichcan also be written as (m−n)Δx; this means that Z_(Dnm) is a function ofm−n. The impedance matrix can therefore be evaluated very efficiently byusing the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) algorithm. With this approach theintegral in equation (78) is evaluated for a range of exponents ±pΔx,where p is an integer, and the results are then used to populate thematrix Z_(D). This approach can similarly be used to calculate theimpedance matrix Z_(C) of the conducting material.

Voltage, Current, and Terminating Boundary Conditions

The electromagnetic field generated by a single wire, as given byequations (34) and (35), can be represented by a scalar potential Φtogether with a vector potential A. Under the Lorentz gauge, the x₃-wiseFourier transform of the scalar potential is given by{circumflex over (Φ)}(k ₃)=−A(ik ₃/λ²)H ₀ ⁽¹⁾(λr).  (79)By extension, the scalar potential associated with a two wiretransmission line can be written as{circumflex over (Φ)}=−(ik ₃/λ²){A ₁ H ₀ ⁽¹⁾(λr ₁)+A ₂ H ₀ ⁽¹⁾(λr₂)},  (80)where A₁ and A₂ are the amplitudes of the waves associated with thewires, and r₁ and r₂ are distances from the centers of the wires. Thescalar potential represents a voltage measure, and for the transmissionmode (A₁=−A₂) the voltage across the wires is therefore given by

$\begin{matrix}\begin{matrix}{{{\hat{V}}_{T}\left( k_{3} \right)} = {\left( {2\pi\; a} \right)^{- 1}\left\{ {{\int_{C_{1}}{\hat{\Phi}\ {\mathbb{d}l}}} - {\int_{C_{2}}{\hat{\Phi}\ {\mathbb{d}l}}}} \right\}}} \\{{= {{- 2}{A_{1}\left( {{ik}_{3}/\lambda^{2}} \right)}\left\{ {{H_{0}^{(1)}\left( {\lambda\; a} \right)} - {{H_{0}^{(1)}\left( {\lambda\; d} \right)}{J_{0}\left( {\lambda\; a} \right)}}} \right\}}},}\end{matrix} & (81)\end{matrix}$where C₁ and C₂ represent the circumferences of the wires in the x₁-x₂plane, and d is the distance between the wire centers. It follows fromequations (57), (63) and (81) that the transfer function between thevoltage and the surface magnetic field is given by

$\begin{matrix}{{{\hat{F}}_{T}\left( k_{3} \right)} = {\frac{{\hat{V}}_{T}}{{\hat{h}}_{T}} = {{\left( \frac{{- {\mu\omega}}\; k_{3}}{\pi\; a\; k^{2}\lambda} \right)\left\lbrack \frac{{H_{0}^{(1)}\left( {\lambda\; a} \right)} - {{H_{0}^{(1)}\left( {\lambda\; d} \right)}{J_{0}\left( {\lambda\; a} \right)}}}{{H_{0}^{{(1)}^{\prime}}\left( {\lambda\; a} \right)} + {{H_{0}^{(1)}\left( {\lambda\; d} \right)}{J_{1}\left( {\lambda\; a} \right)}}} \right\rbrack}.}}} & (82)\end{matrix}$The relationship between the voltage and the surface magnetic field ingeneralized coordinates then follows by analogy with equations (24) and(25), so that

$\begin{matrix}{{{Fh}_{T} = V_{T}},{F_{n\; m} = {\int_{- \infty}^{\infty}{{{\hat{F}}_{T}\left( k_{3} \right)}{{\hat{\phi}}_{m}\left( k_{3} \right)}{{\hat{\phi}}_{n}^{*}\left( k_{3} \right)}\ {\mathbb{d}k_{3}}}}},} & \left( {83,84} \right) \\{V_{Tm} = {\left( {\pi/k_{s}} \right){{V_{T}\left( x_{3,m} \right)}.}}} & (85)\end{matrix}$The matrix F can be computed numerically by analogy with equations (77)and (78), and thus the voltage across the transmission line can be foundfrom equation (83), once the surface magnetic field,h_(Tn)=h_(T)(x_(3,n)), is known. As described above with reference toequation (38), the surface magnetic field variable can be identified asthe current in the wire. Although not detailed here, equations similarto equations (82)-(85) can also be derived for the case of a singlewire.

As described above in the context of FIG. 4, the impedance matrix givenby equation (78) should be modified for a transmission line or otherconductive element having finite length L with prescribed boundaryconditions at x₃=0 and x₃=L. If the line is modelled by sinc functionscentered on N evenly spaced points distributed over L, then the directapplication of equation (78) incorporates the implicit assumption thatthe surface magnetic field h (i.e. the current) is zero at all locationsoutside the region L. This enforces zero-current end boundaryconditions, which may not match the physical situation: in practice theends of the line may be attached to other lines or to electricaldevices, and the precise calculation of the resulting electrical andmagnetic fields would require the detailed application of Maxwell'sequations to this region of the system.

For purposes of explanation, an approximate approach is taken which isin the spirit of transmission line theory. Initially each end of theline is short-circuited by applying a symmetry boundary condition, whichyields non-zero end currents and zero end voltages. An impedance is thenadded to each end of the line, thus allowing general boundary conditionsto be modelled; for example, a zero added impedance maintains the shortcircuit condition, whereas an infinite added impedance recovers the zerocurrent condition. To consider initially the left hand end of the line(x₃=0), rather than assume the current is zero to the left of the firstreference point x_(3,1) the present approach assumes that the current issymmetric around this point, so that the electric field at some generalpoint x_(3,n) includes contributions from a non-zero current in theregion x₃<0.

Imposing the symmetry condition as a constraint modifies the dielectricimpedance matrix Z_(D) to a matrix Z_(DS), whereZ _(DSnm)=(½)δ_(1n)δ_(1m) Z _(Dnm)+[1−(δ_(1n)+δ_(1m))/2]×[Z _(Dnm) +Z_(D)(2−n−m)],  (86)and δ_(nm) is the Kronecker delta. In deriving equation (86) it has beennoted that the mirror image of the point x_(3,m) is at a distance(m+n−2)Δx to the left of the point x_(3,n); the additional electricfield at the point x_(3,n) arising from the current at the image pointis accounted for by the appearance of the term Z_(D)(2−n−m) in equation(86). Special consideration is needed when n=1 and/or m=1, since inthese cases at least one of the two points lies on the axis of symmetry,and this introduces various factors of ½, which are accounted for by thepresence of the Kronecker delta terms in equation (86). A similarmodification must be applied to the impedance matrix Z_(C) of theconducting material to yield a new matrix Z_(CS).

As described above in the context of FIG. 5, the voltage matrix F whichappears in equation (83) must also be modified to allow for the presenceof the non-zero current in the region x₃<0, and this yields a matrixF_(S) whereF _(Snm) =F _(nm)+(1−δ_(1m))F(2−n−m).  (87)

As mentioned previously, the application of the symmetry conditionembodied equations (86) and (87) imposes a short circuit at the lefthand end of the line. A more general boundary condition can be imposedbe assuming that the current at the end of the line generates anadditional electrical field; the approach taken here is to assume that auniform surface electric field, e_(gen)(x₃) say, is generated over asmall region −l≦x₃≦l, and that this field is proportional to the averagecurrent over this region, so thate _(gen)(x ₃)=(R/l)[H(x ₃ +l)−H(x ₃ −l)]{∫_(−l) ^(l) h(x ₃)dx₃/2l)}.  (88)Here H is the Heavyside step function, and R is an impedance (a realvalue of R would represent a resistance). The average current over thesmall region can be written in terms of the generalized current vectorin the form∫_(−l) ^(l) h(x ₃)dx ₃/(2l)=c ^(T) h,  (89)where the vector c has the entriesc _(n)=(2−δ_(1n)−δ_(nN))(2lk _(s))⁻¹ ×{Si[k _(s)(x _(3,n) +l)]−Si[k_(s)(x _(3,n) −l)]},  (90)with Si representing the sine integral function. With this notation, itfollows that equation (88) can be enforced by adding the followingmatrix to Z_(DS):Z _(R) =Rcc ^(T).  (91)A similar approach can be applied at the right hand end of the linex₃=L, leading to further modifications which are analogous to equations(86)-(91).

The units of the various terms described above can be summarized asfollows: a surface electric field e(x₃) has units of volts/m; ageneralized electric field variable e_(n) has units of volts; a surfacemagnetic field h(x₃) and a generalized magnetic field variable h_(n)each have units of amps; all impedance matrices Z have units of ohms;the impedance R has units of ohms and is equivalent to a simple endimpedance that would be employed in a transmission line analysis basedon the telegrapher's equations.

Response to Diffuse Field Excitation

Following equations (16)-(18) and incorporating modifications to allowfor general end boundary conditions, the response of the transmissionline to diffuse field excitation can be written as

$\begin{matrix}{{{E\left\lbrack {hh}^{*T} \right\rbrack} = {\left( \frac{2\pi\; c}{\mu\;\omega^{2}} \right){E\left\lbrack {E}^{2} \right\rbrack}\left( {Z_{DS} + Z_{CS} + Z_{R}} \right)^{- 1}Z_{DH} \times \left( {Z_{DS} + Z_{CS} + Z_{R}} \right)^{- T^{*}}}},} & (92)\end{matrix}$where E[|E|²] is the mean square value of the modulus of the electricfield vector of the incident wavefield at any point in the enclosingbody surrounding the transmission line. For reference, it can be shownon the basis of equations (31)-(33) that the response of an infinitetransmission line to diffuse field excitation is given by

$\begin{matrix}{{E\left\lbrack {h}^{2} \right\rbrack} = {\left( \frac{c}{{\mu\omega}^{2}} \right){E\left\lbrack {E}^{2} \right\rbrack}{\int_{- \infty}^{\infty}{{{{{\hat{Z}}_{D}\left( k_{3} \right)} + {{\hat{Z}}_{C}\left( k_{3} \right)}}}^{2}{{\hat{Z}}_{DH}\left( k_{3} \right)}\ {{\mathbb{d}k_{3}}.}}}}} & (93)\end{matrix}$Application of equations (92) and (93) will now be described below inthe context of a number of different exemplary cases.

Numerical Example for a Single Wire Transmission Line

The first numerical example involves a single thin wire with radius tolength ratio a/L=10⁻⁴. FIG. 8 is a graphical representation of theinduced current in the wire with respect to a distance (or position)along the wire in response to a unit voltage source with frequency kL=15located at x₃=L/3, which has been represented by an axial electricalfield of strength 1/(2l) applied uniformly over the region |x₃−L/3|≦l,with l=10⁻³ L, and the dimensional values L=0.5 m, δ=δ_(c)=8.854×10⁻¹²farad/m, μ=μ_(c)=1.257×10⁻⁶ henry/m and σ_(c)=5.8×10⁷ S/m. In thisexample, no special consideration has been given to the end boundaryconditions, and thus, the default condition is zero current at each endof the wire, as illustrated in FIG. 8.

FIG. 9 illustrates convergence results for a single wire transmissionline showing the maximum current in the wire as a function of the numberof reference points per electromagnetic wavelength 2π/k. The relativecurrent is defined as the maximum current divided by the result obtainedwhen 600 reference points are used per wavelength, wherein the solidline represents the results for a unit voltage applied at x₃=L/3 and thedashed line represents the results for a diffuse field excitation withkL=15. It should be noted that the present method does not suffer frommesh density issues associated with the standard thin wire method ofmoments approach, in which the segment length must be at least eight toten times the wire radius to avoid violating the assumptions inherent inthe method, which places a limitation on the number of segments whichcan be employed, and hence the degree of convergence which can beattained. It can be seen from FIG. 9 that the use of 20 reference pointsper wavelength produces a maximum root mean square (rms) current whichis 10% below that predicted by the use of 600 reference points perwavelength.

Turning now to the convergence results for the case in which the wire isexcited by a homogeneous diffuse-electromagnetic field with kL=15, whichis illustrated by the dashed line in FIG. 9, the incident diffuse fieldis fully characterized by the frequency of oscillation (or equivalentlyk) and the ensemble mean squared value of the modulus of the electricfield, which has the same value at every point in the field. Theensemble average of the modulus squared current at any point on the wirecan be computed from equation (92), and the results which follow concernthe square root of this quantity, referred to here as the root meansquare (rms) current, which varies along the wire. In FIG. 9 the maximumrms current in the wire is plotted against the number of referencepoints used in the numerical model. It can be seen that the convergencerate for the case of diffuse field excitation is slightly slower thanthat for a concentrated voltage source, which is illustrated by thesolid line in FIG. 9.

FIG. 10 depicts an exemplary graphical representation of the rms currentscaled by the rms electrical field strength as a function of relativedistance along the wire x₃/L for diffuse field excitation, wherein thesolid line represents an incident diffuse field with kL=15 (whichcorresponds to excitation at 1.43 GHz), the dashed line represents anincident diffuse field with kL=75 (which corresponds to excitation at7.16 GHz), the solid horizontal line represents the response of aninfinite wire with the incident diffuse field having kL=15 computedusing equation (93), and the dashed horizontal line represents theresponse of an infinite wire with the incident diffuse field havingkL=15. The response of the wire to electromagnetic excitation can beconsidered to consist of two components, a particular integral and acomplementary function. In the present case the particular integral isthe response of an infinite wire to diffuse field excitation, while thecomplementary function is the additional response needed to match theend boundary conditions. As illustrated, the complementary functiontends to increase the rms current for the cases shown in FIG. 10. Ingeneral the combined response will depend upon the relative phasebetween the two components of the response, and this issue isillustrated in FIG. 11, which shows the spatial average of the rmscurrent as a function of frequency; it can be seen that at somefrequencies the response of an infinite wire exceeds that of the finitesystem. It will be appreciated that the graphical representation of theinduced current depicted in FIG. 10 is one potential output that may begenerated by the process 300 (e.g., task 310). For example, the user mayprovide to the processing system 204, via user input device 202, theparameters defining the incident electromagnetic wavefield 108 and thelength of the conductive element 102, wherein the processing system 204subsequently executes the processes or otherwise performs the equationsdescribed above to obtain the induced current as a function of thedistance (or relative position) along the conductive element andgenerates a graphical representation of the induced current that isprovided to or otherwise displayed on the display device 206.

Numerical Example for a Two Wire Transmission Line

Referring now to FIGS. 12-14, the second numerical example concerns atwo wire transmission line of length L=0.1 m, spacing d=0.01 m, andradius a=1 mm in response to a harmonic voltage applied at x₃=0 (e.g.,the left hand end) for the frequency kd=1, which corresponds to 4.77GHz. FIG. 12 is a graphical representation of the relative currentinduced in the wire as a function of the distance along the wire, whererelative current is defined as the current at a particular location onthe wire divided by the current at x₃=0. FIG. 13 is a graphicalrepresentation of the phase of the relative current as a function ofdistance along the wire, and FIG. 14 is a graphical representation ofthe voltage as a function of distance along the wire. In FIGS. 12-14,the solid line represents results for zero current at the right handend. It will be appreciated that each of the graphical representationsdepicted in FIGS. 12-14 is a potential output that may be generated bythe process 300 (e.g., task 310). The results illustrated in FIGS. 12-14were obtained using the approaches described above based on equation(65). At the left hand end of the wire a symmetry boundary condition wasapplied to allow the current to be non-zero, as described above. Theapplied voltage was then modelled as an axial electrical field ofstrength 1/(4l) applied to each wire in opposite directions over theregion |x₃|≦l, with l=0.0175 m. In contrast, no symmetry condition wasapplied at the right hand end of the wire, so that the default boundarycondition of zero current was obtained. In considering the voltagedistribution illustrated in FIG. 14, it should be noted that a symmetrycondition on current leads to an anti-symmetry condition on voltage, andhence the voltage predicted precisely at the left hand end of the wireis zero, which is incorrect. This is not a significant problem however,since the voltage is predicted correctly over the remainder of the wire,and the voltage predicted very near to the left hand end is a closeapproximation to the true terminating value.

To further demonstrate the effect of the boundary conditions, resultsare shown in FIGS. 12-14 for the additional case in which the right handend of the wire is short circuited, illustrated by the dashed line,which is achieved analytically by applying a symmetry boundary conditionat that point. As would be expected, a non-zero current and a zerovoltage are obtained at the right hand end of the wire for this case.

FIG. 15 depicts a graphical representation of the rms transmission modecurrent (scaled by the rms electrical field strength) that is induced inthe wire by a diffuse electromagnetic field as a function of distancealong the wire for diffuse field excitation with kd=1. In FIG. 15, thesolid line represents the boundary conditions of zero current at eachend of the wire, the dashed line represents the boundary conditions ofzero voltage (i.e., a short circuit) at each end of the wire, and thedotted line represents the boundary conditions of zero current at theright hand end of the wire and a short circuit at the left hand end. Theresults depicted in FIG. 15 are obtained by employing the transmissionmode impedances, based on equations (65) and (69), in the responseexpression provided by equation (92). The dash-dot line in FIG. 15illustrates the rms transmission mode current induced in an infinitetransmission line, as given by equation (93). It can be seen that themaximum transmission mode current in the wire depends on the detailedboundary conditions, although the response of the infinite line, whichcan be computed very rapidly compared to the response of the finiteline, yields a good first approximation of the general magnitude of thecurrent; this is also the case for the previous example of a singlewire, as evidenced by FIGS. 10-11.

FIG. 16 illustrates the effect of adding a resistor to the left hand endof the transmission line, obtained via equation (91), for the two casesof a short circuit at the right hand end, illustrated by the dashedline, and a zero current at the right hand end, illustrated by the solidline, wherein the dash-dot line represents the corresponding result fora transmission line of infinite length obtained via equation (93). Therms current through the resistor is plotted against the value of theresistor R; for R=0 the line is short circuited, while for large R thecurrent tends to zero. This example is indicative of the way in whichthe impedance of a device attached to the end of the wire can affect thecurrent flow into the device.

In addition to the transmission mode current illustrated by FIGS. 15-16,diffuse field excitation of the two wire system can induce an antennamode current. The complete current can be calculated by considering thefull impedance matrix of the system, given by equation (59), rather thanthe reduced scalar impedance associated with the transmission mode,given by equation (65). The full impedance matrix in wavenumber space,obtained from equation (59), can be transformed to physical space byplacing a grid of evenly spaced reference points along each wire, andassigning an independent generalized coordinate h_(n) to each referencepoint. If there are N reference points on each wire then the model willhave 2N degrees of freedom, and the associated 2N×2N impedance matrixcan be computed by employing equation (25) in conjunction with thewavenumber space impedance matrix from equation (59). The diffuse fieldreciprocity relation can then be used to compute the response of thesystem via equation (92).

Referring now to FIG. 17, if equation (92) is used to compute thecorrelation matrix of the total current in the two wire system, then therms transmission and antenna mode currents can be deduced: at a locationx₃ the transmission mode current is defined as [h₁(x₃)−h₂(x₃)]/2 and theantenna mode current as [h₁(x₃)+h₂(x₃)]/2, where h₁ and h₂ are thecurrents in the two wires. FIG. 17 depicts a graphical representation ofthe rms current (scaled by the rms electrical field strength) as afunction of distance along the wire for a two wire transmission linewith a short circuit at each end for diffuse field excitation with kd=1.In FIG. 17, the solid line represents the total current, the dashed linerepresents the transmission mode current, and the dotted line representsthe antenna mode current. As illustrated, the result for thetransmission mode current is in agreement with that shown in FIG. 15,while the antenna mode current is greater than the transmission modecurrent. The maximum of total current in the wire has an rms value thatis around twice the maximum rms transmission mode current. Clearly thepresence of the antenna mode can significantly affect the current in theinterior of the wire, although only the transmission mode will affectthe current drawn at the terminations. The present example demonstratesthat the diffuse field reciprocity principle can be employed to yieldall components of the current induced in the system.

CONCLUSION

As described herein, in the context of electromagnetism, the diffusefield reciprocity principle states that the excitation applied to asystem by a diffuse electromagnetic field can be expressed in terms ofthe surface electromagnetic impedance matrix of the system, asrepresented by equation (15). The surface electromagnetic impedancematrix of a wire system can be formulated in terms of exact solutions toMaxwell's equations in cylindrical coordinates; results in the frequencydomain (or wavenumber space) have been presented above for one- and twowire systems respectively, and a numerical approach for expressing theseresults in the spatial domain has also been provided. By accommodatingvarious boundary conditions at the ends of the wire, the subject matterdescribed herein may be extended to models of various different wiringsystems and cable networks.

One advantage of the subject matter described herein is that the diffusefield reciprocity principle allows the rms currents induced by a diffuseelectromagnetic field to be computed in a straight forward and efficientway. In this regard, once the system impedance matrices have beencalculated, predicting the response of the wire to diffuse fieldexcitation is a relatively trivial computational step as compared toprevious approaches, such as those requiring a full computation of theelectromagnetic field in the surrounding enclosure. At the same time,the response computed by using the diffuse field reciprocity principlewill be substantially identical to the result yielded by a “direct”calculation in which the diffuse electromagnetic field is represented asa summation of random plane waves (e.g., by calculating the excitationarising from individual plane waves and summing the response arisingfrom each plane wave component), which requires a significant amount ofcomputation time, since a sufficient number of waves with varyingheading, azimuth, and polarization angle must be considered to producean adequate representation of the diffuse field. Furthermore, thepresent approach immediately provides a statistically averaged result,whereas other approaches would require multiple randomized computationsto generate an ensemble of results which can then be averaged to yieldmean square values.

For purposes of explanation, the subject matter may be described hereinin terms of functional and/or logical block components, and withreference to symbolic representations of operations, processing tasks,and functions that may be performed by various computing components ordevices. Such operations, tasks, and functions are sometimes referred toas being computer-executed, computerized, software-implemented, orcomputer-implemented. In this regard, it should be appreciated that thevarious block components shown in the figures may be realized by anynumber of hardware, software, and/or firmware components configured toperform the specified functions. For example, an embodiment of a systemor a component may employ various integrated circuit components, e.g.,memory elements, digital signal processing elements, logic elements,look-up tables, or the like, which may carry out a variety of functionsunder the control of one or more microprocessors or other controldevices.

While at least one exemplary embodiment has been presented in theforegoing detailed description, it should be appreciated that a vastnumber of variations exist. It should also be appreciated that theexemplary embodiment or embodiments described herein are not intended tolimit the scope, applicability, or configuration of the claimed subjectmatter in any way. Rather, the foregoing detailed description willprovide those skilled in the art with a convenient road map forimplementing the described embodiment or embodiments. It should beunderstood that various changes can be made in the function andarrangement of elements without departing from the scope defined by theclaims, which includes known equivalents and foreseeable equivalents atthe time of filing this patent application.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method comprising: executing one or more firstcomputer instructions configured to predict a response of a conductiveelement to an electromagnetic wavefield incident to a surface of theconductive element, wherein executing the one or more first computerinstructions comprises: executing one or more second computerinstructions configured to determine an electromagnetic impedanceassociated with electromagnetic radiation at the surface of theconductive element in an infinite dielectric medium; and executing oneor more third computer instructions configured to apply diffuse fieldreciprocity using the electromagnetic impedance to obtain a metricindicative of an induced field resulting from the electromagneticwavefield incident to the surface of the conductive element; andexecuting one or more fourth computer instructions configured to displayan output based on the metric on a display device; wherein: executingthe one or more first computer instructions further comprises at leastone of (i) executing one or more fifth computer instructions configuredto determine an induced current metric based on the metric or (ii)executing one or more sixth computer instructions configured todetermine a voltage recovery matrix for the conductive element andexecuting one or more seventh computer instructions configured todetermine an induced voltage metric based on the voltage recovery matrixand the metric; when executing the one or more first computerinstructions comprises executing the one or more fifth computerinstructions: executing the one or more fourth computer instructionscomprises executing one or more eight computer instruction configured todisplay a graphical representation of the induced current metric on thedisplay device, the output comprising the graphical representation ofthe induced current metric; the induced current metric comprises aninduced current as a function of position along the surface of theconductive element; and the graphical representation of the inducedcurrent metric comprises a graph of the induced current as the functionof position along the surface of the conductive element; when executingthe one or more first computer instructions comprises executing the oneor more sixth computer instructions and the one or more seventh computerinstructions; executing the one or more fourth computer instructionscomprises executing one or more ninth computer instruction configured todisplay a graphical representation of the induced voltage metric on thedisplay device, the output comprising the graphical representation ofthe induced voltage metric; the induced voltage metric comprises aninduced voltage as a function of position along the surface of theconductive element; and the graphical representation of the inducedvoltage metric comprises a graph of the induced voltage as the functionof position along the surface of the conductive element; and the one ormore first computer instructions and the one or more fourth computerinstructions are configured to run at one or more processors andconfigured to be stored at one or more non-transitory memory storagemodules.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein: the electromagneticimpedance represents a relationship between an electric field and amagnetic field at the surface of the conductive element in the infinitedielectric medium.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein: executing the oneor more third computer instructions comprises executing one or moretenth computer instructions configured to multiply a resistive part ofthe electromagnetic impedance by an energy metric associated with theelectromagnetic wavefield incident to the surface of the conductiveelement.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein: executing the one or morefirst computer instructions further comprises executing one or moretenth computer instructions configured to receive an incident wavefieldmetric based on an energy density of the electromagnetic wavefieldincident to the surface of the conductive element; and executing the oneor more third computer instructions comprises executing one or moreeleventh computer instructions configured to multiply theelectromagnetic impedance by the incident wavefield metric.
 5. Themethod of claim 1, wherein: the metric comprises cross-spectrum of ablocked electric field arising from the electromagnetic wavefieldincident to the surface of the conductive element.
 6. The method ofclaim 1, wherein: executing the one or more second computer instructionscomprises executing one or more tenth computer instructions configuredto determined an electromagnetic impedance matrix in wavenumber space.7. The method of claim 6, wherein: executing the one or more secondcomputer instructions further comprises executing one or more eleventhcomputer instructions configured to transform the electromagneticimpedance matrix from the wavenumber space to a physical domain.
 8. Themethod of claim 7, wherein: executing the one or more eleventh computerinstructions comprises executing one or more twelfth computerinstructions configured to transform the electromagnetic impedancematrix from the wavenumber space to the physical domain with basisfunctions based on sinc function.
 9. The method of claim 7, wherein:executing the one or more second computer instructions further comprisesexecuting one or more twelfth computer instructions configured to imposea boundary condition to the electromagnetic impedance in the physicaldomain to obtain a modified electromagnetic impedance matrix; andexecuting the one or more third computer instructions comprisesexecuting one or more thirteenth computer instructions configured tomultiply the modified wavefield incident to the surface of theconductive element to obtain the metric.
 10. The method of claim 6,wherein: executing the one or more second computer instructionscomprises executing one or more eleventh computer instructionsconfigured to determine the electromagnetic impedance matrix inwavenumber space based on exact solutions to Maxwell's equations incylindrical coordinates.
 11. A non-transitory computer-readable mediumhaving instructions stored thereon executable by a processing system to:predict a response of a conductive element to an incidentelectromagnetic wavefield by: determining a surface electromagneticimpedance matrix for the conductive element in an infinite dielectricmedium based on physical dimensions of the conductive element and anexcitation frequency for the incident electromagnetic wavefield;determining with diffuse field reciprocity a metric indicative of aninduced field in the conductive element resulting from the incidentelectromagnetic wavefield based at least in part on the surfaceelectromagnetic impedance matrix and an energy metric for the incidentelectromagnetic wavefield; and at least one of: determining an inducedcurrent metric based on the metric; or determining a voltage recoverymatrix for the conductive element, and determining an induced voltagemetric based on the voltage recovery matrix and the metric; and displayan output based on the metric on a display device coupled to theprocessing system; wherein: when the instructions are executable by theprocessing system to determine the induced current metric based on themetric, the instructions are executable by the processing system todisplay the output based on the metric on the display device coupled tothe processing system by: displaying a graphical representation of theinduced current metric on the display device, the output comprising thegraphical representation of the induced current metric, the inducedcurrent metric comprising an induced current as a function of positionalong the conductive element, and the graphical representation of theinduced current metric comprising a graph of the induced current as afunction of position along the conductive element; and when theinstructions are executable by the processing system to determine thevoltage recovery matrix for the conductive element and to determine theinduced voltage metric based on the voltage recovery matrix and themetric, the instructions are executable by the processing system todisplay the output based on the metric on the display device coupled tothe processing system by: displaying a graphical representation of theinduced voltage metric on the display device, the output comprising thegraphical representation of the induced voltage metric, the inducedvoltage metric comprising an induced voltage as a function of positionalong the conductive element, and the graphical representation of theinduced voltage metric comprising a graph of the induced voltage as thefunction of position along the conductive element.
 12. Thenon-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 11, wherein theinstructions are executable by the processing system to: predict theresponse of the conductive element to the incident electromagneticwavefield further by: obtaining the physical dimensions for theconductive element via a user input device coupled to the processingsystem; and obtaining excitation parameters for the incidentelectromagnetic wavefield via the user input device, the excitationparameters including the excitation frequency and the energy metric. 13.The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 12, wherein theinstructions are executable by the processing system to: displaygraphical user interface elements adapted to receive the physicaldimensions and the excitation parameters on the display device.
 14. Thenon-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 11, wherein theinstructions are executable by the processing system to: determine themetric by applying the diffuse field reciprocity using the surfaceelectromagnetic impedance matrix and the energy metric to obtain aninduced magnetic field metric.
 15. A method comprising: executing one ormore first computer instructions configured to model an effect of anelectromagnetic wavefield incident on a conductive element, theexecuting the one or more first computer instructions comprising:executing one or more second computer instructions configured to obtain,via a user input device, physical dimensions of the conductive element;executing one or more third computer instructions configured to obtain,via the user input device, an excitation frequency and an energy metricfor a diffuse electromagnetic wavefield incident on the conductiveelement; executing one or more fourth computer instructions configuredto determine a surface electromagnetic impedance matrix for theconductive element in an infinite dielectric medium based on theexcitation frequency and the physical dimensions of the conductiveelement; executing one or more fifth computer instructions configured toapply diffuse field reciprocity using the surface electromagneticimpedance matrix and the energy metric for the diffuse electromagneticwavefield to obtain a metric indicative of an induced field resultingfrom the diffuse electromagnetic wavefield; at least one of: executingone or more sixth computer instructions configured to determine aninduced current metric based on the metric, or executing one or moreseventh computer instructions configured to determine a voltage recoverymatrix for the conductive element, and executing one or more eightcomputer instructions configured to determine an induced voltage metricbased on the voltage recovery matrix and the metric; and executing oneor more ninth computer instructions configured to display an outputbased on the display device; wherein: when executing the one or morefirst computer instructions comprises executing the one or more sixthcomputer instructions: executing the one or more ninth computerinstructions comprises executing one or more tenth computer instructionconfigured to display a graphical representation of the induced currentmetric on the display device, the output comprising the graphicalrepresentation of the induced current metric; the induced current metriccomprises an induced current as a function of position along theconductive element; and the graphical representation of the inducedcurrent metric comprises a graph of the induced current as the functionof position along the conductive element: when executing the one or morefirst computer instructions comprises executing the one or more seventhcomputer instructions and the one or more eight computer instructions:executing the one or more ninth computer instructions comprisesexecuting one or more eleventh computer instruction configured todisplay a graphical representation of the induced voltage metric on thedisplay device, the output comprising the graphical representation ofthe induced voltage metric; the induced voltage metric comprises aninduced voltage as a function of position along the conductive element;and the graphical representation of the induced voltage metric comprisesa graph of the induced voltage as the function of position along theconductive element: the one or more first computer instructions areconfigured to run at one or more processors and configured to be storedat one or more non-transitory memory storage modules.
 16. A computingsystem comprising: a user input device; a display device; and aprocessing system coupled to the user input device and the displaydevice to: obtain, via the user input device, physical dimensions of aconductive element; obtain, via the user input device, an excitationfrequency and an energy metric for an electromagnetic wavefield incidenton the conductive element; determine a surface electromagnetic impedancematrix for the conductive element in an infinite dielectric medium basedon the excitation frequency and the physical dimensions of theconductive element; apply diffuse field reciprocity using the surfaceelectromagnetic impedance matrix and the energy metric for theelectromagnetic wavefield to obtain a metric indicative of an inducedfield resulting from the electromagnetic wavefield; at least one of:determine an induced current metric based on the metric; or determine avoltage recovery matrix for the conductive element, and determine aninduced voltage metric based on the voltage recovery matrix and themetric; and display an output based on the metric on the display device;wherein: when the processing system is configured to determine theinduced current metric based on the metric, the processing system isfurther configured to display the output based on the metric on thedisplay device by: displaying a graphical representation of the inducedcurrent metric on the display device, the output comprising thegraphical representation of the induced current metric, the inducedcurrent metric comprising an induced current as a function of positionalong the conductive element, and the graphical representation of theinduced current metric comprising a graph of the induced current as afunction of position along the conductive element; and when theprocessing system is configured to determine the voltage recovery matrixfor the conductive element and to determine the induced voltage metricbased on the voltage recovery matrix and the metric, the processingsystem is further configured to display the output based on the metricon the display device by: displaying a graphical representation of theinduced voltage metric on the display device, the output comprising thegraphical representation of the induced voltage metric, the inducedvoltage metric comprising an induced voltage as a function of positionalong the conductive element, and the graphical representation of theinduced voltage metric comprising a graph of the induced voltage as thefunction of position along the conductive element.